• Consensus Paper
• Open Access

• Received: 20 February 2019
• Accepted: 21 February 2019
• Published: 6 March 2019

Breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant feeding, with numerous health benefits for mother and child [1–3]. Between the beginning of the fifth and the beginning of the seventh month of life, complementary foods should be introduced in addition to breastfeeding. Complementary foods provide additional energy and critical nutrients such as iron, zinc, iodine, B vitamins, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to support normal growth and development [1–3]. Complementary foods, including homemade or commercially available complementary foods for infants and young children, can be offered.

In recent years, there has been a rapid and increasing number and variety of pureed foods for infants and young children available on the market which are packed in compressible plastic bags and are usually equipped with a spout and a screw cap (so-called baby food pouches) [4]. Some products even have a spoon that can be screwed on and refilled directly from the baby food pouch. Based on the total volume, these products are often twice as expensive as conventional baby food fruit jars. However, from the point of view of many parents, baby food pouches offer a simple and convenient approach to complementary feeding. After unscrewing the screw cap, the food pouch contents can be squeezed directly into the mouth of the infant or the young child, or the child can suck or drink the contents from the food pouch spout, in the case of low-viscosity products like “smoothies.” In this way, mealtimes at home or on the road can be quick and easy. This type of complementary feeding has become very popular. Even reusable baby food pouches are sold, which allow infant feeding with pureed homemade complementary foods.

This type of complementary feeding may seem attractive for parents because it is perceived as time-saving and convenient; however, it raises serious concerns [5, 6]. The complementary feeding period is not only important for the provision of nutrients but it also serves as a time of transition from an exclusive milk diet to a diet of diversified family foods, with gradual learning of differentiated oropharyngeal movements and the development and shaping of eating behaviors [7, 8]. When infants receive complementary foods primarily through sucking foods from baby food pouches, this may delay or hinder learning to eat from a spoon or learning to eat finger foods [9]. The exploration of foods with the lips, tongue, and the hands as well as the practice of chewing can be impaired. Some observational studies indicate a potentially limited window of opportunity for favorable introduction of solid foods. For example, the delayed introduction of chunky foods after the age of about 9 to 10 months was associated with increased feeding difficulties and low intake of vegetables and fruits at later ages [10]. It, therefore, seems inadvisable to give infants and young children complementary foods which are mostly in semi-liquid or pureed consistency and which are predominantly consumed through sucking.

Moreover, if infants and young children are given a variety of textures and pieces of solid foods with a spoon or through feeding themselves by hand, it offers an opportunity for intense interaction between parents and children. This allows for mutual listening and dialog with the child, and for the monitoring and learning of hunger signals and sensitive responses (responsive feeding) [11, 12]. These opportunities can be wasted if children are allowed to suck complementary foods from a baby food pouch alone.

Complementary food products, which consist exclusively or predominantly of sweet fruit preparations, are not recommended as meals [1–3]. They not only contribute to high sugar intakes, which are questionable for health, but they also do not provide relevant quantities of critical nutrients that should be provided in addition to breastfeeding, in particular iron, zinc, iodine, B vitamins, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). In order to enable the child to get to know a variety of aromas and flavors, fruit should be offered as part of fruit-cereal porridges or offered separately after a diverse meal made up of vegetables, meat, or fish.

Pureed foods with high sugar content tend to adhere to tooth surfaces more so than chewed foods with abrasive properties and may therefore present an increased risk of developing dental caries [13–15]. This is especially true when these products are sucked out of the packaging and expose tooth enamel over an extended period of time. The combination of very high sugar content and organic fruit acids suggests an additional increase in caries risk.

There is also an indication that children who are regularly exposed to very sweet foods may experience potential long-term effects on their taste preferences and food choices. In observational studies, a high intake of sweet foods and drinks early on is associated with a higher preference for sweet foods in later life [16]. This is undesirable because of the associations between high intakes of sweet foods and the increased risk for dental caries, obesity, and associated non-communicable diseases [17].

For parents, giving a baby food pouch to their child with pureed fruit may seem equivalent to giving fresh fruit, but this is not the case. The high energy density in many complementary food products sold in baby food pouches is far higher than the typical energy density of fresh fruit (for example, 54 kcal/100 g apple). The extremely high sugar content in most products makes them unsuitable for feeding infants and young children. The high sugar content seems to come from the preferred use of very sweet fruit varieties and the addition of fruit juice concentrates, such as apple juice concentrate or grape juice concentrate or concentrated fruit preparations. Typically, the majority or even all of the sugar content comes from the fruit preparation used and not from added sugars, so that even products with extremely high sugar are labeled “no sugar added.” This claim may falsely create the impression with families that products are low in sugar, which may also lead to other family members, including siblings, to more regularly consume products. Not only “added sugar” but, above all, the total sugar content is responsible for undesirable effects on child health, such as adverse metabolic effects, high insulin secretion, increased risk for tooth decay, obesity, and other diseases.

The combination of a high energy density of these extremely sugar-rich products together with the ease of absorption by sucking the pureed product can result in a much higher energy and sugar intake—predominantly in the form of fructose—in a short time frame when compared to chewing and swallowing pieces of fruit. The very high sugar intake from a meal of pureed fruit preparation can be expected to significantly increase blood sugar and insulin levels compared to the consumption of fresh fruit. This is because the matrix of an intact fruit will usually lead to a slower sugar absorption than with a pureed preparation. For example, mashed potatoes had a much higher glycemic index (83) compared to cooked potatoes (49) [18]. A high glycemic index and a high glycemic load stimulate increased insulin secretion in children and can promote undesirable high weight gain and increased body fat deposition [19]. When regularly feeding infants and young children with fruit purees from baby food pouches, an increased risk of overfeeding and excessive weight gain must be expected, which is associated with a significantly increased risk for later obesity [20–22]. A high habitual sugar intake has also been associated with an increased, obesity-associated risk of cancer [23]. The birth cohort study Project VIVA in New England showed poorer cognitive performance (Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test II) with a high sugar intake in pregnancy and early childhood at 3–8 years of age [24].

Different fruits differ in their sugar contents and composition. In general, however, fruits are rich in fructose, and they also contain variable amounts of glucose and sucrose [25]. In many of the pureed fruit preparations, the fructose content is further increased, for example, by the addition of apple juice concentrate. With a high fructose intake from pureed fruit preparations, adverse metabolic effects are to be expected. A high fructose intake promotes de novo lipogenesis, fatty liver, and the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [26–28]. An important role of fructose intake is also supported by the findings of a study of 302 children with fructose malabsorption, who could only receive a limited amount of fructose and had a significantly lower frequency of obesity (2.3%) compared to a control group of children of the same age without limited fructose intake (6.1%) [29]. An increased risk for asthma has also been reported to be induced by fructose [30]. Although further investigations are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological and health effects of the various dietary sugars [31], currently available data suggest that sugar intake should ideally be below 5% of energy intake and in any case not exceed 10% of energy intake [17, 32].

Some baby food pouches have small screw caps as prescribed by the requirements of the European safety regulations for toys (EN 71), which are not legally binding for food packaging. However, there is a potential hazard for infants and young children due to the possibility of choking on small caps.