Fig. 3

1 The presence of bile leads to the two important pathways, biofilm formation and IcsA expression. 2 Expression of IcsA leads to the attachment and internalization to the host cell. 3 Interaction of the IcsA with N-WASP finally leads to the actin rearrangement. 4 Interaction of NOD with Shigella peptidoglycan. 5 Sensing of peptidoglycan leads to activation of NF-kappa B that finally mediated transcription of IL-8. 6 IpaB can act as an ion channel. 7 IpgD mediated conversion of PIP2 to the PI5P that mediated activation of EGFR and summons of TOM1 to the lagging of EGFR degradation. 8 IpaA has a VBS that mediated binding to the talin and finally activated filopodial adhesin. IcsA, a 120-kDa outer membrane protein required for actin-based motility; NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; N-WASP, neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein