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Fig. 2 | Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics

Fig. 2

From: Imaging of peripheral vascular malformations — current concepts and future perspectives

Fig. 2

Venous Malformation a four-year-old child of the forearm with bone disfigurement. a Clinical presentation shows large, non-pulsatile painless soft tissue mass with bluish discoloration and visible dysplastic veins. Wrist function was restricted but finger motility was not significantly impaired. The heavy weight of the arm made the boy carry his left arm with the right hand. b B-Mode ultrasound imaging shows cavernous dysplastic veins (white arrowhead) and thrombosed parts (white asterisks) of the lesion. c Color-coded Duplex ultrasound reveals slow blood flow within the dysplastic vessels. d STIR MRI imaging shows typical hyperintense signal with multiple hypointense spots representing phleboliths (white arrowheads). T1-weighted MRI imaging after contrast administration shows enhancement of the large venous cavities of the VM (e). Venous malformations are treated by percutaneous sclerotherapy. The periprocedural image (f) shows confirmation of blood aspiration after percutaneous access to the dysplastic vessels, before using a contrast agent and a sclerosing agent subsequently. g Angiographic depiction of VM after contrast agent administration via percutaneous access displays a fine reticular network of dysplastic vessels and drainage to deep veins (h) not visible on MRI

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