Drug | Form of neurotoxicity | Age | Brain region |
---|---|---|---|
Methotrexate antimetabolite | Apoptotic and excitotoxic neuronal death, decline in neurogenesis, decrease in myelination, oxidative stress | 7Â days 3Â months 3Â months 12Â months | Cortex, thalamus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, cerebellum, pons, medulla, hypothalamus [40, 41, 50, 68, 87, 88] |
Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide alkylating | Apoptotic and excitotoxic neuronal death, decline in neurogenesis, impairment of LTP, cytokine dysregulation, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase | 7 days 8–10 weeks 2 months Adult 7 months 12 months Embryo | Cortex, thalamus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, neural tube [58, 68, 87,88,89,90,91] |
Cisplatin alkylating | Apoptotic and excitotoxic neuronal death, Decreased cell division, altered granule cell migration and Purkinje cell dendrite growth, increased blood–brain barrier permeability, DNA damage due to oxidative stress | 7 days 10 days 8 days 1 day Embryo Adult | Cortex, thalamus, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar granule neurons, hypothalamus [52, 68, 70, 92,93,94,95,96,97,98] |
Vincristine anti-mitotic | Apoptosis | 8Â days |